![]() ![]() ![]() According to Aristotle, logos relates to "the speech itself, in so far as it proves or seems to prove". The other two modes are pathos ( πᾰ́θος, páthos), which refers to persuasion by means of emotional appeal, "putting the hearer into a certain frame of mind" and ethos ( ἦθος, êthos), persuasion through convincing listeners of one's "moral character". Ancient Greek philosophy Heraclitus įollowing one of the other meanings of the word, Aristotle gave logos a different technical definition in the Rhetoric, using it as meaning argument from reason, one of the three modes of persuasion. Classical Greek usage sees reasoned argument ( logos) as distinct from imaginative tales ( mythos). In the ancient Greek context, the term logos in the sense of "word" or "discourse" also contrasted with mythos ( Ancient Greek: μῦθος). However, both logos and lexis derive from the same verb légō ( λέγω), meaning "(I) count, tell, say, speak". ![]() The term is also used in Sufism, and the analytical psychology of Carl Jung.ĭespite the conventional translation as "word", logos is not used for a word in the grammatical sense-for that, the term lexis ( λέξις, léxis) was used. Martin Luther rejected Zeitwort (verb) in favor of Wort (word), for instance, although later commentators repeatedly turned to a more dynamic use involving the living word as used by Jerome and Augustine. Reformation translators took another approach. The Vulgate Bible usage of in principio erat verbum was thus constrained to use the (perhaps inadequate) noun verbum for "word" later Romance language translations had the advantage of nouns such as le Verbe in French. Early translators of the Greek New Testament, such as Jerome (in the 4th century AD), experienced frustration with the inadequacy of any single Latin word to convey the meaning of the word logos as used to describe Jesus Christ in the Gospel of John. The Gospel of John identifies the Christian Logos, through which all things are made, as divine ( theos), and further identifies Jesus Christ as the incarnate Logos. Philo distinguished between logos prophorikos ("the uttered word") and the logos endiathetos ("the word remaining within"). 50 AD) integrated the term into Jewish philosophy. The Stoics spoke of the logos spermatikos (the generative principle of the Universe) which foreshadows related concepts in Neoplatonism. Pyrrhonist philosophers used the term to refer to dogmatic accounts of non-evident matters. Aristotle applied the term to refer to "reasoned discourse" or "the argument" in the field of rhetoric, and considered it one of the three modes of persuasion alongside ethos and pathos. The sophists used the term to mean " discourse". Ancient Greek philosophers used the term in different ways. 475 BC), who used the term for a principle of order and knowledge. Logos became a technical term in Western philosophy beginning with Heraclitus ( c. In the context of Aristotle's Rhetoric, logos is one of the three principles of rhetoric and in that specific use it more closely refers to the structure and content of the text itself. The Purdue Online Writing Lab clarifies that logos is the appeal to reason that relies on logic or reason, inductive and deductive reasoning. It is occasionally used in other contexts, such as for "ratio" in mathematics. In modern usage, it typically connotes the verbs "account", "measure", "reason" or "discourse". The word derives from a Proto-Indo-European root, *leǵ-, which can have the meanings "I put in order, arrange, gather, choose, count, reckon, discern, say, speak". Both Plato and Aristotle used the term logos (along with rhema) to refer to sentences and propositions.Īncient Greek: λόγος, romanized: lógos, lit.'word, discourse, or reason' is related to Ancient Greek: λέγω, romanized: légō, lit.'I say' which is cognate with Latin: lex, lit.'law'. This original use identifies the word closely to the structure and content of language or text. Logos ( UK: / ˈ l oʊ ɡ ɒ s, ˈ l ɒ ɡ ɒ s/, US: / ˈ l oʊ ɡ oʊ s/ Ancient Greek: λόγος, romanized: lógos, lit.'word, discourse, or reason') is a term used in Western philosophy, psychology and rhetoric, as well as religion (notably Christianity) among its connotations is that of a rational form of discourse that relies on inductive and deductive reasoning.Īristotle first systematized the usage of the word, making it one of the three principles of rhetoric alongside ethos and pathos. For other uses, see Logos (disambiguation). ![]()
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